The Simple Mistake of killing is a killing committed without the intention of act against a person (mens rea)-although an intention of act is available-and without the intention to killing him/her. Therefore, in the case when there is not the intention of acting toward the slain and also the intention of action of killing (intention of acting and intention of result) is not available, the killing is in the form of a Simple Mistake. According to the definition of the Simple Mistake of killing, as we will see in the paper, in this type of killing, the person who has committed the killing has no intention of acting toward the slain and has no intention of result that is killing. The occurrence of such a killing as per old and new Islamic penal code is based on intention. Therefore, the action is considered as Simple Mistake that neither the result of an act is intended nor the intention of acting toward the slain is available.

One of the main factors affecting criminal culpability is mens rea and one important element of mens rea is knowledge of law. But this important factor is not exhaustively analyzed in the literature. Three kinds of ignorance of law have been analyzed in this article; one of them is direct Mistake of law and two others are indirect Mistake of law (or Mistake of different law). Indirect Mistake of law can be divided into two kinds: First, ignorance of different non-criminal law. In this kind of ignorance, perpetrator is not aware of a civil, tax, custom, marital or other kinds of non-criminal law. This kind of ignorance is an excusing factor.Second, ignorance of different criminal law. This kind of ignorance is not an excuse but can act as a mitigating factor. There is a third type of ignorance, which is exclusive to Iranian criminal law, which is about a canon law. None of these three kinds of ignorance have clear regulations in Islamic Penal Code and Legislature needs to enact related laws.

The main problem of this paper is “ Matter Mistake” and “ Formal Mistake” and its result is "Matter Mistake is meaningless; what is in principle described as correct and incorrect form". Studies showed Avicenna has no statement or proof about Matter Mistake and his definition of logic can be a start point for Classical logic. By accepting this statement, we need to accept a role for Matter Mistake in the fallacy argument. Nasir al-Din Tusi has used it and neglects all Matter Mistakes in fallacy, but on the other hand, Ghotb considered a place for it and so his argument is not consistent with this statement. Ghotb believes that Matter Mistake has no meaning by comparing it to the real world due to the casual and necessity of foundations of knowledge. This belief also exists in Nasir al-Din Tusi's thought but it is due to premises of syllogism and logical definitions. Now we think since these traditional logical discussions are so general and denotation criteria are not the same, so it has no contradiction to consider Mistakes accompanying matter.

The main problem of this paper is “ Matter Mistake” and “ Formal Mistake” and its result is "Matter Mistake is meaningless; what is in principle described as correct and incorrect form". Studies showed Avicenna has no statement or proof about Matter Mistake and his definition of logic can be a start point for Classical logic. By accepting this statement, we need to accept a role for Matter Mistake in the fallacy argument. Nasir al-Din Tusi has used it and neglects all Matter Mistakes in fallacy, but on the other hand, Ghotb considered a place for it and so his argument is not consistent with this statement. Ghotb believes that Matter Mistake has no meaning by comparing it to the real world due to the casual and necessity of foundations of knowledge. This belief also exists in Nasir al-Din Tusi's thought but it is due to premises of syllogism and logical definitions. Now we think since these traditional logical discussions are so general and denotation criteria are not the same, so it has no contradiction to consider Mistakes accompanying matter.

Background and Aim: Receiving and payment of money constitute a major part of banking activities. Banks are involved with different individuals and customers every day. The variety of payment methods and the plurality of it may cause a Mistake in payment to a third party. This article discusses the types of Mistakes in payment and its restitution practices. Materials and Methods: The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical. Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations regarding the writing of texts as well as references to sources were observed. Findings: In the course of bank and interbank payments, in some cases, due to human resource errors or disruption of computer systems, payment may be made inappropriately. If the bank is responsible for this wrong payment, the practical procedure of the banks in such cases is that if the recipient has an account in the bank, the bank, based on the contract he signed with his client at the time of opening the account and one of the articles of the contract, can withdraw the money from his account. Conclusion: Payment is often done to fulfill the obligation. This obligation may result from binding contract or any other cause. There is no difference in payment between banks and others. If a person makes an undue payment, it could be refunded.

In most juridical books and under “usurpation”, “retaliation” and “blood-money” chapters, jurisprudents have spoken of the two institution of “perpetration” and “causation” and enacted some rules, for example if both cause and the actual perpetrator exist, the actual perpetrator is responsible unless in cases in which cause is stronger. The two have been reflected in laws as well. Regarding perpetration, causation, and types of perpetration and etc., many discussions have been made in juridical and legal books. Some scholars such as Muhaqqiq Najafi (author of Jawahir al-Kalam) and Muhaqqiq Maraghi (author of ‘Anawin), however, are of the opinion that, since the terms “cause” and “the actual perpetrator” have not been used in hadiths and there is controversy between jurisprudents about definitions and instances of the two terms, discussion about causation and perpetration is a superfluous and verbal one and what is of importance is attributing damage or crime to someone, whether he is the actual perpetrator or cause. The present article studies and evaluates the scientific and practical differences which may be between the two institutions. Evidently, if it is proved that there are such differences then establishment of these two institutions and discussing about them are required. Otherwise, one has to accept the opinion of the author of Jawahir al-Kalam and the author of ‘Anawin according to whom discussing about the two is a superfluous one.

Mistake as a defect in will can be effective when it is related to the consent and intention. Mistake in other phases of will i.e. conception, measure and confirmation is ineffective unless it results in a Mistake in consent and intention. Moreover a Mistake in every essential affair of a contract does not defect will. It mast occur at least in one of the essential elements of the contract which is related to the intention of parties and the will of the parties in changing and/or interfering or un-interfering the same elements can be effective. Mistake as a defect in will can be effective when it is related to the consent and intention. Mistake in other phases of will i.e. conception, measure and confirmation is ineffective unless it results in a Mistake in consent and intention.  

Abstract Access to information is a fundamental element in research and production of science process, as well as one of the metrics of development. So, the awareness and use of communicational and informational networks, as well as their related technologies could be really necessary. In this connection, internet, web and related techniques, such as RSS (Really Simple Syndication, Rich Site Summary, or RDF Site Summary) is one of these technologies which appeared on many websites, weblogs and databases, in recent years and became the most expanded and suitable tool for making awareness. Obviously, this technology allows the librarians and information scientists to find access to the existential information on websites, weblogs and databases, in order to improve their commercial, economical, educational, research, social and cultural relations. More over, using this technology can make users to access to their information by themselves, and to fulfill their informational needs. This technology through its own language programming can show the latest information and become up to date by adding new information. RSS is a Simple and quick method for current awareness, new book list, reference services, education and communication with users, which should not be ignored by librarian in libraries and information centers.Therefore, we tried first to give a definition of RSS feed as well as to present its advantages for application; then we try divide RSS readers into two main groups; web based and special software based, with some examples of each group. At the end, we suggest that for better understanding and also for providing appropriate and suitable information services for users, this technique (RSS Feed) and its facilities should not be ignored by librarians in the libraries and information centers.

Some literary glossaries define dream allegory as a narrative allegory, bring the first part of “ Roman de la Rose” (13th A. D) as its most famous examples in the Middle ages, and disregard the older ones. The relationship between “ Divine Comedy” , another allegory in the Middle Ages, with its older and oriental counterparts, casts doubts upon the theory that introduces “ Roman de la Rose” as the prototype allegory, and brought about arguments as to the ancient origin of this literary genre. With a broader look into the structure of the known dream works older than “ Roman de la Rose” , this study tries to proof that the theory of literary glossaries about the oldest example of dream allegory needs modifications, and in the second step, it is tried to show that proposing a single origin for this genre of narration does not lead to a bright conclusion; More than being pure imitation of other civilizations, dream allegory reflects man’ s concept of mind regarding the after world. The old, outstanding dream allegories are among classic texts recreated in later texts; by analyzing the structure of this type of narration it will be possible to reach the structure of dream allegory as a genre.